Mikrobiomo 16S Example Patient Report

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Index

I. Summary
II. Introduction
III. Technical Aspects
IV. Clinical Interpretation
V. How to interpret my results
VI. Results
1 Microbiota & Intestinal Alterations
2 Microbiota & Diseases
3 Microbiota & Diet
VII. Recommendations
VIII. References

I. Summary

In this first table you can find a summary of the diseases and alterations detected in your microbiota.


Microbiota & Intestinal Alterations
Diarrhea Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de Diarrhea.
Abdominal Tenderness Tu microbiota indica que sí tienes indicios de padecer Abdominal Tenderness.
Constipation Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de Constipation.
Swelling Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de Swelling.

Microbiota & Diseases
Crohn's Disease Tu microbiota indica que sí tienes indicios de padecer Crohn's Disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
patient_report.inflamatory_bowel_disease Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de patient_report.inflamatory_bowel_disease.
Type 2 Diabetes Tu microbiota indica que sí tienes indicios de padecer Type 2 Diabetes.
Atherosclerosis Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de Atherosclerosis.
Ulcerative Colitis Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de Ulcerative Colitis.
Hypertension Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de Hypertension.
Obesity Tu microbiota indica que sí tienes indicios de padecer Obesity.

Microbiota & Diet
High consumption of lactose Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de High consumption of lactose.
High consumption of artificial sweeteners Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de High consumption of artificial sweeteners.
High consumption of starch Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de High consumption of starch.
High consumption of fats Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de High consumption of fats.
High consumption of animal protein Tu microbiota indica que sí tienes indicios de padecer High consumption of animal protein.
Mediterranean Diet Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de Mediterranean Diet.
High consumption of unsaturated fats Tu microbiota indica que no tienes indicios de High consumption of unsaturated fats.
Gluten Free Diet Tu microbiota indica que sí tienes indicios de padecer Gluten Free Diet.

II. Introduction

The human intestinal microbiota is the set of microorganisms that inhabit the intestine. Research on the microbiota carried out in recent years is revealing the great importance that the bacterial communities that inhabit the intestine have in maintaining health.

These populations remain relatively constant over time. However, factors such as diet, diseases, medication use, a bad lifestyle, etc. can cause an alteration in the microbiota.

This test will serve as a marker of your health status, allowing you to detect altered bacterial markers. These altered bacterial markers are bacterial genera that are directly related to different intestinal disorders, diseases or even your diet. Therefore, the correction of these altered bacterial markers, through the recommendations described below, will help you improve the state of your microbiota and your own health.

III. Technical Aspects

The test is based on DNA analysis of microorganisms present in a stool sample. In this way, it is obtained which microorganisms are present in the sample and in what proportion, these values ​​being representative of the microbiota found in the human intestine. Subsequently, they are compared with the data obtained from the healthy population, showing different bacterial markers that, supported by the scientific literature, are related to different intestinal disorders, diseases and eating habits.

IV. Clinical Interpretation

The results of this analysis should be considered in conjunction with the user's clinical history, medical tests, etc. and it must be understood that the bacterial markers shown in this report are of a complex nature, since they depend not only on the state of the microbiota, but also on genetic and environmental factors.

The recommendations described below are of a generic nature to follow a good lifestyle and have good health. Therefore, at no time can they be understood as a treatment. In any problem situation, you should always go to a professional and follow his recommendations.

V. How to interpret my results

patient_report.interpretate_my_results_p1

patient_report.relation
Diarrhea, constipation, abdominal tenderness, bloating, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, obesity, type II diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, high intake of lactose, high consumption of artificial sweeteners, high fat consumption, high consumption of animal protein, high consumption of starch, high consumption of saturated fat, high consumption of unsaturated fat, consumption of vegetable protein, Mediterranean diet and gluten-free diet. Direct Association A greater abundance of these microorganisms has been associated with conditions in the scientific literature.
Reverse Association A lower abundance of these microorganisms has been associated with conditions in the scientific literature.

For the following bacterial markers:

Result:
Bacterial diversity, Akkermansia, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Anaerotruncus, Barnesiella, Bifidobacterium, Bilophila, Blautia, Collinsella, Coprococcus, Dialister, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Methanobrevibacter, Odoribacter, Oscillibacter, Streptococcus, Roseburia and Ruminococcus. High The abundance of the bacterial marker in the sample is higher than in the healthy population.
normal The abundance of the bacterial marker in the sample is similar to that of the healthy population.
Low The abundance of the bacterial marker in the sample is lower than in the healthy population.
Campylobacter, Desulfovibrio, Escherichia-Shigella, Fusobacterium, Klebsiella, Prevotella, Veillonella and Vibrio. Present The bacterial marker is detected at levels higher than those present in the healthy population.
Absent The bacterial marker is not detected, or is at levels as low as those in the healthy population.

Important: The detection of a microorganism by this test does not imply having a disease. Similarly, the non-detection of a microorganism does not exclude the presence of a disease caused by a microorganism. Also, other microorganisms may be present and not be detected by this test. If in any doubt, please consult your doctor.

Results within the reference range obtained from the healthy population.
Results outside the reference range obtained from the healthy population.
patient_report.cientific_bookmark_explained [1]

VI. Results

Microbiota & Intestinal Alterations

Diarrhea Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Campylobacter [1, 2] Absent
Escherichia-Shigella [2, 3] High
Salmonella [2, 3] Absent
Reverse Association Vibrio [4] Absent
Lactobacillus [5] normal
Bacteria Diversity [5] Low
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Diarrea, no hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.

Abdominal Tenderness Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Methanobrevibacter [10] High
Prevotella [11] High
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Sensibilidad Abdominal, sí hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.

Constipation Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Methanobrevibacter [7, 8] High
Campylobacter [9] Absent
Reverse Association Bifidobacterium [9] normal
Lactobacillus [9] normal
Bacteroides [9] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Estreñimiento, no hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.

Swelling Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Anaerotruncus [12] Present
Ruminococcus [12] Low
Bacteroides [13] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Hinchazón, no hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.


Microbiota & Diseases

Crohn's Disease Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Escherichia-Shigella [21] High
Ruminococcus [22] Low
Reverse Association Akkermansia [23] normal
Faecalibacterium [22, 23] Absent
Roseburia [22] normal
Barnesiella [24] Low
Bifidobacterium [25] normal
Dialister [25] Absent
Odoribacter [25] Low
Bacteria Diversity [26] Low
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Enfermedad de Crohn, sí hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Campylobacter [14] Absent
Salmonella [14] Absent
Escherichia-Shigella [14] High
Veillonella [15, 16] Absent
Ruminococcus [15, 16] Low
Reverse Association Collinsella [17] normal
Bifidobacterium [15, 16] normal
Lactobacillus [15] normal
Faecalibacterium [15, 16] Absent
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Síndrome de Intestinto Irritable , no hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.

patient_report.inflamatory_bowel_disease Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Desulfovibrio [18] High
Fusobacterium [19] High
Bacteroides [20] normal
Reverse Association Roseburia [20] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, no hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.

Type 2 Diabetes Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Akkermansia [36] normal
Reverse Association Lactobacilus [37] normal
Roseburia [36, 38] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Diabetes Tipo II, sí hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.

Atherosclerosis Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Collinsella [40] normal
Reverse Association Roseburia [40] normal
Eubacterium [40] Absent
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Ateroscleosis, no hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.

Ulcerative Colitis Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Prevotella [27] Absent
Bacteroides [27] normal
Ruminococcus [28] Low
Reverse Association Akkermansia [23] normal
Odoribacter [22] Low
Roseburia [22] normal
Bacteria Diversity [30] Low
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Colitis Ulcerosa, sí hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.

Hypertension Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Klebsiella [41] normal
Clostridium [41] High
Prevotella [41] Absent
Streptococcus [41] High
Reverse Association Roseburia [41] normal
Bifidobacterium [41] normal
Coprococcus [41] Absent
Oscillibacter [41] Absent
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Hipertensión, no hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.

Obesity Bookmark Result Valuation
Reverse Association Akkermansia [31] normal
Alistipes [32] High
Anaerotruncus [33] Absent
Barnesiella [32] Low
Lactobacillus [34] normal
Methanobrevibacter [34] Absent
Bacteria Diversity [30] Low
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con aquellos presentes en pacientes de Obesidad, sí hay indicios de la presencia de la enfermedad en el paciente.


Microbiota & Diet

High consumption of lactose Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Bifidobacterium [42] normal
Lactobacillus [42] normal
Reverse Association Bacteroides [42] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con valores de referencia, no hay indicios de un alto consumo de lactosa.

High consumption of artificial sweeteners Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Bacteroides [42] normal
Reverse Association Bifidobacterium [42] normal
Lactobacillus [42] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con valores de referencia, no hay indicios de un alto consumo de edulcorantes artificiales.

High consumption of starch Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Lactobacillus [42] normal
Bifidobacterium [42] normal
Bifidobacterium [42] normal
Eubacterium [42] Absent
Ruminococcus [42] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con valores de referencia, no hay indicios de un alto consumo de almidón.

High consumption of fats Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Bacteroides [42] normal
Reverse Association Lactobacillus [42] normal
Streptococcus [42] High
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con valores de referencia, no hay indicios de un alto consumo de grasas.

High consumption of animal protein Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Alistipes [42] High
Bilophila [42] High
Reverse Association Roseburia [42] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con valores de referencia, no hay indicios de un alto consumo de proteína animal.

Mediterranean Diet Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Bacteroides [42] normal
Lactobacillus [42] normal
Prevotella [42] Absent
Eubacterium [42] Absent
Roseburia [42] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con valores de referencia, no hay indicios de un alto consumo de dieta mediterránea.

High consumption of unsaturated fats Bookmark Result Valuation
Direct Association Bifidobacterium [42] normal
Akkermansia [42] normal
Streptococcus [42] High
Lactobacillus [42] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con valores de referencia, no hay indicios de un alto consumo de grasas insaturadas.

Gluten Free Diet Bookmark Result Valuation
Reverse Association Bifidobacterium [42] normal
Lactobacillus [42] normal
Prevotella [42] normal
Eubacterium [42] Absent
Roseburia [42] normal
Final Valuation
De acuerdo a la abundancia relativa de los marcadores del paciente, con valores de referencia, sí hay indicios de consumo de gluten.


VII. Sequencing

These results were obtained by sequencing the bacterial DNA obtained from the patient's feces, specifically from the 16S V3-V4 ribosomal gene region, using an Illumina system. Its subsequent taxonomic classification was carried out with the SILVA database, through which the genera present in the sample can be identified.

VIII. References

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2. Youmans, B.P., et al., Characterization of the human gut microbiome during travelers' diarrhea. Gut Microbes, 2015. 6(2): p. 110-9.

3. Liu, D., Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli. 2015: p. 1133-1146.

4. Baker-Austin, C., Antimicrobial Resistance in Vibrio Species. 2015: p. 105-118.

5. Pramodini B. Kale-Pradhan, P.D., Harjot K. Jassal, and Sheila M. Wilhelm, Pharm.D., Role of Lactobacillus in the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: A Meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy, 2010. 30(2): p. 119-126.

6. Vijay C. Antharam, E.C.L., Arif Ishmael, Anuj Sharma, Volker Mai, Kenneth H. Rand, Gary P. Wanga, Intestinal Dysbiosis and Depletion of Butyrogenic Bacteria inClostridium difficile Infection and Nosocomial Diarrhea. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2013. 51(9): p. 2884-2892.

7. Ghoshal, U., et al., Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Particularly the Constipation-Predominant Form, Involves an Increase in Methanobrevibacter smithii, Which Is Associated with Higher Methane Production. Gut Liver, 2016. 10(6): p. 932-938.

8. Shah, A., M. Morrison, and G. Holtmann, A novel treatment for patients with constipation: Dawn of a new age for translational microbiome research? Indian J Gastroenterol, 2018. 37(5): p. 388-391.

9. Zhao, Y. and Y.B. Yu, Intestinal microbiota and chronic constipation. Springerplus, 2016. 5(1): p. 1130.

10. Triantafyllou, K., C. Chang, and M. Pimentel, Methanogens, methane and gastrointestinal motility. J Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2014. 20(1): p. 31-40.

11. Hadizadeh, F., et al., Faecal microbiota composition associates with abdominal pain in the general population. Gut, 2018. 67(4): p. 778-779.

12. Zhang, Y.J., et al., Impacts of gut bacteria on human health and diseases. Int J Mol Sci, 2015. 16(4): p. 7493-519.

13. Manichanh, C., et al., Anal gas evacuation and colonic microbiota in patients with flatulence: effect of diet. Gut, 2014. 63(3): p. 401-8.

14. Spiller, R.C., Role of infection in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol, 2007. 42 Suppl 17: p. 41-7.

15. Rodino-Janeiro, B.K., et al., A Review of Microbiota and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Future in Therapies. Adv Ther, 2018. 35(3): p. 289-310.

16. Salem, A.E., et al., The gut microbiome and irritable bowel syndrome: State of art review. Arab J Gastroenterol, 2018. 19(3): p. 136-141.

17. Bhattarai, Y., D.A. Muniz Pedrogo, and P.C. Kashyap, Irritable bowel syndrome: a gut microbiota-related disorder? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2017. 312(1): p. G52-G62.

18. Julien Loubinoux, J.-P.B., Ines A. C. Pereira, Jean-Louis Mougenel, Alain E. Le Faou, Sulfate-reducing bacteria in human feces and their association with inflammatory bowel diseases. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2002. 40: p. 107-112.

19. Strauss, J., et al., Invasive potential of gut mucosa-derived Fusobacterium nucleatum positively correlates with IBD status of the host. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2011. 17(9): p. 1971-8.

20. Arnau Vich Vila, F.I., Valerie Collij, Soesma A. Jankipersadsing, Thomas Gurry, Zlatan Mujagic, Alexander Kurilshikov, Marc Jan Bonder, Xiaofang Jiang, Ettje F. Tigchelaar, Jackie Dekens, Vera Peters, Michiel D. Voskuil, Marijn C. Visschedijk, Hendrik M. van Dullemen, Daniel Keszthelyi, Morris A. Swertz, Lude Franke, Rudi Alberts, Eleonora A. M. Festen, Gerard Dijkstra, Ad A. M. Masclee, Marten H. Hofker, Ramnik J. Xavier, Eric J. Alm, Jingyuan Fu, Cisca Wijmenga, Daisy M. A. E. Jonkers, Alexandra Zhernakova, Rinse K. Weersma, Gut microbiota composition and functional changes in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Science Translational medicine, 2018. 10.

21. Longstreth, G.F., Avoiding unnecessary surgery in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut, 2007. 56(5): p. 608-10.

22. Morgan, X.C., et al., Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment. Genome Biol, 2012. 13(9): p. R79.

23. Lopez-Siles, M., et al., Alterations in the Abundance and Co-occurrence of Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the Colonic Mucosa of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Subjects. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2018. 8: p. 281.

24. Mancabelli, L., et al., Identification of universal gut microbial biomarkers of common human intestinal diseases by meta-analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2017. 93(12).

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27. Lucke, K., et al., Prevalence of Bacteroides and Prevotella spp. in ulcerative colitis. J Med Microbiol, 2006. 55(Pt 5): p. 617-24.

28. Png, C.W., et al., Mucolytic bacteria with increased prevalence in IBD mucosa augment in vitro utilization of mucin by other bacteria. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010. 105(11): p. 2420-8.

29. Machiels, K., et al., A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut, 2014. 63(8): p. 1275-83.

30. Lepage, P., et al., Twin study indicates loss of interaction between microbiota and mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology, 2011. 141(1): p. 227-36.

31. Santacruz, A., et al., Gut microbiota composition is associated with body weight, weight gain and biochemical parameters in pregnant women. Br J Nutr, 2010. 104(1): p. 83-92.

32. Zhernakova, A., et al., Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science, 2016. 352(6285): p. 565-9.

33. Zupancic, M.L., et al., Analysis of the gut microbiota in the old order Amish and its relation to the metabolic syndrome. PLoS One, 2012. 7(8): p. e43052.

34. Million, M., et al., Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int J Obes (Lond), 2012. 36(6): p. 817-25.

35. Le Chatelier, E., et al., Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature, 2013. 500(7464): p. 541-6.

36. Qin, J., et al., A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature, 2012. 490(7418): p. 55-60.

37. Ejtahed, H.S., et al., Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutrition, 2012. 28(5): p. 539-43.

38. Forslund, K., et al., Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota. Nature, 2015. 528(7581): p. 262-266.

39. Sharpton, S.R., V. Ajmera, and R. Loomba, Emerging Role of the Gut Microbiome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Composition to Function. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019. 17(2): p. 296-306.

40. Ma, J. and H. Li, The Role of Gut Microbiota in Atherosclerosis and Hypertension. Front Pharmacol, 2018. 9: p. 1082.

41. Peng, J., et al., Interaction between gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease. Life Sci, 2018. 214: p. 153-157.

42. Singh, R.K., et al., Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med, 2017. 15(1): p. 73.

43. Battson, M.L., et al., The gut microbiota as a novel regulator of cardiovascular function and disease. J Nutr Biochem, 2018. 56: p. 1-15.

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